{"id":13682,"date":"2022-01-27T21:09:01","date_gmt":"2022-01-27T20:09:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/?p=13682"},"modified":"2022-01-29T13:46:39","modified_gmt":"2022-01-29T12:46:39","slug":"je-lepsi-dostat-par-tuctovou-nebo-23-liza-getta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/?p=13682","title":{"rendered":"Je lep\u0161\u00ed dostat p\u00e1r, tuctovou, nebo -23? (L\u00edza Getta)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Slovo <em>vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed<\/em> se do \u010de\u0161tiny dostalo doslovn\u00fdm p\u0159ekladem n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho <em>Zeugnis<\/em> (<em>zeugen<\/em> = sv\u011bd\u010dit), je\u017e se krom\u011b ozna\u010den\u00ed listiny se zn\u00e1mkami pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve v\u00fdznamu <em>sv\u011bdectv\u00ed<\/em> a velmi z\u0159\u00eddka tak\u00e9 jako vzne\u0161en\u00e9 synonymum ke slovu <em>symbol<\/em>, <em>znak<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Do dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm nevyd\u00e1vala ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u016flrok, ale a\u017e ve 14 letech, kdy splnili celou \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zku. Existovaly proto t\u0159i typy dokument\u016f:<em> propou\u0161t\u011bc\u00ed vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed<\/em> pro ty, kdo \u0161kolu \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b dokon\u010dili, <em>vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed na odchodnou<\/em> pro \u017e\u00e1ky, kte\u0159\u00ed navzdory v\u011bku pat\u0159i\u010dn\u00fdch v\u011bdomost\u00ed nedos\u00e1hli, a <em>frekventa\u010dn\u00ed&nbsp;vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed<\/em>, ur\u010den\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm v&nbsp;dal\u0161\u00edm vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. A co zn\u00e1mky? Na t\u0159\u00edstup\u0148ov\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le velmi <em>piln\u00e1<\/em>, <em>piln\u00e1<\/em> a <em>\u0159\u00eddk\u00e1<\/em> se hodnotila doch\u00e1zka, prosp\u011bch mohl b\u00fdt <em>velmi dobr\u00fd<\/em>, <em>dobr\u00fd<\/em>, prost\u0159edn\u00ed nebo <em>slab\u00fd<\/em> a chov\u00e1n\u00ed <em>velmi dobr\u00e9<\/em>, <em>dobr\u00e9<\/em>, <em>prost\u0159edn\u00ed<\/em> \u010di <em>\u0161koln\u00edmu \u0159\u00e1du nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9<\/em>. B\u011bhem Protektor\u00e1tu \u010cechy a Morava dle n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu p\u0159ibyla je\u0161t\u011b \u0161est\u00e1 zn\u00e1mka.<\/p>\n<p><strong>N\u011bmeck\u00e1 \u0161estka<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V&nbsp;jednotliv\u00fdch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch zem\u00edch se \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zka zav\u00e1d\u011bla postupn\u011b a p\u0159\u00edpad od p\u0159\u00edpadu se m\u011bnil i zn\u00e1mkovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u2013 za\u010d\u00ednalo se na t\u0159ech a\u017e \u010dty\u0159ech stupn\u00edch: 1 = <em>sehr gut<\/em> (velmi dob\u0159e; 2 = <em>gut<\/em> (dob\u0159e); 3 = <em>gen\u00fcgend<\/em> (dostate\u010dn\u011b); 4 = <em>ungen\u00fcgend<\/em> (nedostate\u010dn\u011b). K&nbsp;za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed ji\u017e bylo zn\u00e1mek p\u011bt, nebo\u0165 p\u0159ibyl p\u0159edposledn\u00ed stupe\u0148 <em>mangelhaft<\/em>, tedy <em>chybn\u00fd<\/em>, <em>vadn\u00fd<\/em>. Roku 1938 se z&nbsp;<em>ungen\u00fcgend<\/em> stala \u0161est\u00e1 zn\u00e1mka, ze \u010dty\u0159ky se ud\u011blala dostate\u010dn\u00e1, tedy <em>ausreichend<\/em>, a pro trojku se vymyslelo ozna\u010den\u00ed <em>befriedigend<\/em> (uspokojiv\u011b). D\u016fvodem k&nbsp;zaveden\u00ed \u0161esti zn\u00e1mek se stala \u010dist\u00e1 statistika \u2013 hodn\u011b u\u010ditel\u016f toti\u017e inklinovalo k&nbsp;tomu j\u00edt zlatou st\u0159edn\u00ed cestou a d\u00e1vali \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm trojku. V&nbsp;NDR sice \u0161estka z&nbsp;vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed zmizela, po znovusjednocen\u00ed se ale znovu vr\u00e1tila, nebo\u0165 ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm N\u011bmecku se pr\u00fd&nbsp;p\u011bti zn\u00e1mkami \u017e\u00e1ci p\u0159ece\u0148ovali.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rusko naruby<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>P\u011btistup\u0148ov\u00e1 hodnot\u00edc\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1la byla v&nbsp;Rusku zavedena v&nbsp;polovin\u011b devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a u\u017e tehdy si z\u00edskaly n\u011bkter\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky obrazn\u00e1 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 nejhor\u0161\u00ed jedni\u010dka si vyslou\u017eila p\u0159ezd\u00edvku <em>\u043a\u043e\u043b<\/em> (k\u016fl) a jen o trochu lep\u0161\u00ed dvojce se za\u010dalo \u0159\u00edkat <em>\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430<\/em> (p\u00e1r). V&nbsp;osudov\u00e9m roce 1918 v\u0161ak bylo p\u0159ijato usnesen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u011bt dosavadn\u00edch zn\u00e1mek zredukovalo na dv\u011b: <em>\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e<\/em> (dostate\u010dn\u011b), nebo <em>\u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e<\/em> (nedostate\u010dn\u011b). Proto\u017ee se tohle \u201ebu\u010f, anebo\u201c v&nbsp;praxi uk\u00e1zalo jako p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 a nic ne\u0159\u00edkaj\u00edc\u00ed, za\u010daly n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u0161koly dopl\u0148ovat zn\u00e1mku t\u0159et\u00ed \u2013 <em>\u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e<\/em> (zcela dostate\u010dn\u011b). N\u011bkde se p\u0159idal i dal\u0161\u00ed stupe\u0148 \u2013 <em>\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e<\/em> (sotva dostate\u010dn\u011b). Zn\u00e1mka <em>\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e<\/em> si mezi studenty postupn\u011b vyslou\u017eila p\u0159ezd\u00edvku <em>\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430<\/em> (v p\u0159ekladu ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd prut). Roku 1935 bylo znovu zavedeno p\u011bt zn\u00e1mek: 1 = <em>\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e<\/em> (velmi \u0161patn\u011b); 2 = <em>\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e<\/em> (\u0161patn\u011b), 3 = <em>\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e<\/em> (tuctov\u011b); 4 = <em>\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e<\/em> (dob\u0159e) a 5 = <em>\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e<\/em> (v\u00fdborn\u011b). Netrvalo dlouho, ne\u017e se <em>\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e<\/em> za\u010dalo zkracovat na <em>\u043f\u0435\u0441<\/em> \u010di <em>\u043f\u0435\u0441\u0438\u043a<\/em> (pes, pejsek).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Angloamerick\u00fd abecedn\u00ed chaos<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kdo by neznal hodnot\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00fd z&nbsp;p\u011bti p\u00edsmen od nejlep\u0161\u00ed A po nejhor\u0161\u00ed F, jej\u00ed\u017e prvn\u00ed p\u00edsmeno se shoduje s anglick\u00fdm slovesem <em>fail<\/em>, tedy <em>propadnout<\/em>, <em>selhat<\/em>. M\u00edsto ob\u00e1van\u00e9ho F se v&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch vyskytuje N odvozen\u00e9 od <em>nocredit<\/em> (nezapo\u010dteno), anebo U jako <em>unsatisfactory<\/em> (neuspokojiv\u011b). Krom\u011b USA, Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie a Kanady se abecedn\u00ed syst\u00e9m zn\u00e1mkov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v&nbsp;\u0159ad\u011b asijsk\u00fdch i africk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, kde m\u00e1 sv\u00e1 specifika. Nap\u0159. v&nbsp;Singapuru se k&nbsp;p\u00edsmen\u016fm p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010d\u00edsla, a tak zn\u00e1mkovac\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1la pak p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 multivitamin: A1, A2, B3, B4, C5, C6, D7, E8, F9. V&nbsp;Irsku jsou hned dva nejhor\u0161\u00ed stupn\u011b \u2013 krom\u011b klasick\u00e9ho F se rozd\u00e1v\u00e1 NG, tedy <em>no grade<\/em> (\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 zn\u00e1mka), a to v&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edpadech, pokud doty\u010dn\u00fd do testu \u010di dom\u00e1c\u00edho \u00fakolu nenapsal ani \u010d\u00e1rku.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0160pan\u011blsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla, p\u00edsmena a slova<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku a n\u011bkter\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch hispanofonn\u00edch zem\u00edch plat\u00ed desetibodov\u00e9 zn\u00e1mkov\u00e1n\u00ed, jeho\u017e slovn\u00ed ekvivalenty se li\u0161\u00ed dle jednotliv\u00fdch vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch stup\u0148\u016f. Na prvn\u00edm stupni z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly se cokoliv mezi 10 a 9 ozna\u010duje jako <em>sobresaliente<\/em>&nbsp;(vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed), 7 a 8 jsou zn\u00e1mky, kter\u00fdm se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 <em>notable<\/em>&nbsp;(v\u00fdrazn\u00fd, chvalitebn\u00fd), 6 znamen\u00e1 <em>bien<\/em> (dob\u0159e), 5 <em>suficiente<\/em>&nbsp;(dostate\u010dn\u011b) a cokoliv pod 5 u\u017e je <em>insufficiente<\/em> (nedostate\u010dn\u011b).&nbsp;Kde\u017eto na druh\u00e9m stupni u\u017e m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 slovn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e1 z&nbsp;deseti zn\u00e1mek. V&nbsp;Panam\u011b je rozd\u00edl o pozn\u00e1n\u00ed markantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed: zat\u00edmco na z\u00e1kladce je stup\u0148\u016f pouze p\u011bt, na vysok\u00e9 \u0161kole jich pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed celou stovku. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost si v\u0161ak zaslou\u017e\u00ed Uruguay, kde vl\u00e1dne p\u0159\u00edmo d\u011bsiv\u00e1 a na prvn\u00ed pohled nelogick\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la: S-SMB-MBS-MB-MBB-BMB-B-BR-RB-R-D. Jej\u00edm z\u00e1kladem jsou kombinace zkratek slov <em>sobresaliente<\/em>, <em>muy<\/em>, <em>bueno<\/em>, <em>regular<\/em> a <em>deficiente<\/em>. A pozor! SMB (v\u00fdborn\u011b moc dob\u0159e) nen\u00ed to sam\u00e9 jako MBS (moc dob\u0159e v\u00fdborn\u011b).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 D\u00e1nsko<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Posledn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed reforma z&nbsp;roku 2006 v&nbsp;D\u00e1nsku nahradila p\u016fvodn\u00ed 13stup\u0148ov\u00fd zn\u00e1mkovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m 7stup\u0148ovou \u0161k\u00e1lou, d\u00e1nsky <em>7-trins-skalaen<\/em>. Jak se to stalo? Prost\u011b se vyhodily \u201ezbyte\u010dn\u00e9\u201c stupn\u011b, ani\u017e by se v\u0161ak zm\u011bnila \u010d\u00edseln\u00e1 hodnota t\u011bch p\u016fvodn\u00edch. Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd je ale cel\u00fd historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj d\u00e1nsk\u00fdch zn\u00e1mek. \u00dapln\u011b na za\u010d\u00e1tku, v&nbsp;18. stolet\u00ed se p\u011bt stup\u0148\u016f ozna\u010dovalo latinsky. Devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9 stolet\u00ed p\u0159ineslo \u0161est d\u00e1nsk\u00fdch n\u00e1zv\u016f: nejlep\u0161\u00ed 8 se ozna\u010dovala jako <em>udm\u00e6rket godt<\/em> (nadm\u00edru dob\u0159e), 7 <em>meget godt<\/em> (velmi dob\u0159e), 5 <em>godt<\/em>&nbsp;(dob\u0159e), 1 <em>temmelig godt<\/em> (docela dob\u0159e), -7 <em>m\u00e5deligt<\/em>&nbsp;(docela dob\u0159e) a nejhor\u0161\u00ed -23 <em>slet<\/em>&nbsp;(\u0161patn\u011b). Ze slov se postupn\u011b staly zkratky, k&nbsp;nim\u017e se p\u0159id\u00e1valy hodnoty + a -, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se hodnot\u00edc\u00ed stupnice po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b zn\u00e1sobila. A\u017e nakonec zbyla jen \u010d\u00edsla, kter\u00e1 po nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed reform\u011b vypadaj\u00ed n\u00e1sledovn\u011b: 12, 10, 7, 4, 02, 00, -3, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e posledn\u00ed dv\u011b hodnoty jsou ji\u017e nedostate\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/www.naucmese.cz\/cdn\/widgets.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n<div data-naucmese-widget=\"2\" data-naucmese-theme=\"light\" data-naucmese-lector=\"22213\" data-naucmese-affiliate=\"wqfnt4mbg961t68zwvg4b207yis2w2i3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Slovo vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed se do \u010de\u0161tiny dostalo doslovn\u00fdm p\u0159ekladem n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Zeugnis (zeugen = sv\u011bd\u010dit), je\u017e se krom\u011b ozna\u010den\u00ed listiny se zn\u00e1mkami pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve v\u00fdznamu sv\u011bdectv\u00ed a velmi z\u0159\u00eddka tak\u00e9 jako vzne\u0161en\u00e9 synonymum ke slovu symbol, znak. Do dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm nevyd\u00e1vala ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u016flrok, ale a\u017e ve 14 letech, kdy splnili celou \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zku. Existovaly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/?p=13682\" class=\"more-link\">[&hellip;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13088,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[280,287,176],"tags":[],"class_list":["entry","author-luciegramelova","post-13682","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-nemcina","category-rustina","category-spanelstina"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13682","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13682"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13682\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13691,"href":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13682\/revisions\/13691"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13088"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13682"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13682"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jazykovy-koutek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13682"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}